Test 10 ~ Objective 3

Objective 3:

1. The four properties of acids are that they are sour tasting, conduct electricity, they react to a base to neutralize its properties, and acts reacts with active metals to liberate hydrogen gas.

2. The four properties of bases are that they are bitter tasting, conduct electricity, they react to acids to neutralized its properties, and feels slippery to the skin

3. You can use the litmus paper by pouring the acid or base onto it, and you can see wether it is an acid or a base by what color the paper turns.  If it turns red, it is an acid, and if the paper turns blue, it is a base.

4. You can tell if a food contains acid because it will taste sour (like I said in number one.)  An example of a drink that contains acid is orange juice, and it can be very sour.  

5. It is important to wear gloves when you are spreading fertilizer in the garden because there are chemicals that will burn or irritate your hands.  Maybe there are acids in the fertilizer that could burn you.

Cites:

http://plaza.obu.edu/corneliusk/ps/chem/a_b.pdf 

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_can_you_use_litmus_paper_to_distinguish_an_acid_from_a_base 

http://homegarden.me/why-is-it-wise-to-wear-gloves-when-spreading-fertilizer-in-a-garden/ 

Test 10 ~ Objective 2

Objective 2:


1. Concentration is the measure of how much of another substance is in a different substance. To measure, you need to know the ratio of the solvent to the solute.


2. Solubility can be useful in finding the substances because it is a characteristic of common matter.  The common characteristic of solubility can be used to figure out how much of a certain substance can be dissolved in the solvent.  So, if you know the solubility, then you know how much of a solute can be added to the solvent until it is at its maximum concentration, which I talked about in the first question.  


3. The three factors that affect solubility are temperature, pressure, and polarity.


4. Heat is needed to break the bonds that holds the molecules together, and solubility depends on heat.


5. Solubility is helpful in seeing the substances because you can see how much of something is able to be dissolved in it.


Cites:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_is_solubility_useful_in_identifying_substances
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility

http://www.solubilityofthings.com/basics/factors_affecting_solubility.php 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility#Temperature

Test 10 ~ Objective 1

Objective 1:

1. In a solution, the solute particles have much smaller molecules than colloids and suspensions.  It is a "homogeneous mixture" (is uniform in composition) of more than on substance.  A few examples are salt, water, and sugar.  Colloids are dispersed evenly throughout a substance.  An example of this is milk.  Suspensions are also homogeneous fluids that are too big for sedimentation.

2. When a solution is formed, the particles of the solute leave each other and become part of the solvent.

3.  The solute lowers the freezing point of water because it is applied to a colligative property, which means that it depends on the number of dissolved particles in a substance, not the actual identity of the solutes (an example is the freezing point of salt water is lower than the freezing point of water because the salt dissolves into the water.)  It will raise the boiling point for the same reason.

4. You would make a solution because the food coloring is obviously UNIFORMLY spreading through the water to make it blue.

5.  The solute lowers the freezing point of water because it is applied to a colligative property, which means that it depends on the number of dissolved particles in a substance, not the actual identity of the solutes (an example is the freezing point of salt water is lower than the freezing point of water because the salt dissolves into the water.)  It will raise the boiling point for the same reason.

Cites:
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0861175.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloids
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/suspensions
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_to_the_solute_particles_when_a_solution_forms
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/You_mix_food_coloring_in_water_to_make_it_blue_haveyou_made_a_solution_or_a_suspension
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Colligative-Properties.html

Test 9 ~ Objective 5

Objective 5:

1. Heat engines use thermal energy by expanding the gas.  It causes the pistol to move down, so it lights the spark plug.  They also turn it into mechanical energy.

2. Internal combustion engines are when the burning (combustion) of the fuel happens when the air gets into a combustion chamber.  They use radiation for thermal energy.  External combustion engines use the external heat to "energize" an internal fluid.  These two are alike because they both use heat to run.

3. I think that modern cars use the internal combustion engines because these engines use a very common resource (air) to run, so it costs less money.

4. Unlike what we think, the refrigerator takes out all of the hot air, rather than putting cold air inside.  This causes it to be cold.

5. A compressor in a refrigerator is the motor to the cooling system.  This usually only runs when the thermostat of the refrigerator tells it to.  If there was no compressor, all of the food would get hot because it wouldn't run when the thermostat told it to.


Cites:
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4926292_car-engine-piston-work.html http://wiki.answers.com/Q/In_a_heat_engine_what_happens_to_thermal_energy_that_is_converted_from_chemical_energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine
http://www.alternatefuelsworld.com/heat-engines-part-3.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine
http://www.repairclinic.com/Refrigerator-How-Things-Work?red=#acompressor

Test 9 ~ Objective 4

Objective 4:

1. Temperature causes matter to change state (if it warms up, it gets closer to a gas, and if it gets cooler, it gets closer to a solid.)

2. As thermal energy increases, the matter begins to eat up.  If it is a solid, it becomes a liquid.  If it is a liquid, then it becomes a gas.

3. The temperature of matter stays the same because all of the temperature's energy is being put into the matter because it is changing its' state.

4. A solid melts because of the thermal energy acting on it.  It causes the molecules to heat up and to start bouncing around.  It basically expands and then melts away.

5. You have to poke holes in potatoes because they have so much water inside of them.  When it gets really hot, it turns into steam.  If the steam doesn't have a way out, it might explode.... so you poke holes in it to prevent it from exploding.  

Cites:

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_causes_matter_to_change_state

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_happens_to_the_particles_of_a_solid_as_the_thermal_energy_of_the_substance_increases

http://www.ansleydevore.blogspot.com/

Test 9 ~ Objective 3

Objective 3:

1. The three types of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation.

2. Heat moves from places where there is a lot of heat to places where there isn't a lot of heat (from high concentration to low concentration.)

3. Conductors make it easier for energy to pass through them, and insulators (most solid matters) make it harder for energy to go through them.  

4. A copper pipe would work better as a conductor because it has a lot of free electrons that can make the energy flow quicker and more efficient.  Their electrons are in a cloud, so they aren't tightly packed.

5. If I were in the forest, I would build a fire instead of putting up a tent.  If I made a tent, that would be conduction (atoms are in close proximity).  This would help me because I would be insulated, which can be, in some ways, the best form of heat.  If I built a fire (which I would), then that would be radiation (comes from the sun and travels in waves).  The fire would give off warm air, which would help to keep me warm.

Cites:
http://www.tapinsulation.com/heat.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/conins.html
http://www.highsierraadventures.com/skills/survival.htm

Test 9 ~ Objective 2

Objective 2:

1. Thermometers measure temperature by telling how fast the particles inside of the object are moving.  Thermometers use mercury, which expands when it gets hot and gets smaller when it cools down.

2.  Kelvin and Celsius scales are the same because, although they have different zero points, they still have the same intervals, or degrees.  They are different because they are on different scales (288 degrees Kelvin = 15 degrees Celsius = 59 degrees Fahrenheit.) Also, Kelvin isn't really a "degree" of temperature, like Fahrenheit and Celsius.

3. 5 degrees Celsius = 41 degrees Fahrenheit

4. 860 degrees Fahrenheit = 460 degrees Celsius

5. The temperature needs to be raised by 209,000 K.

Cites:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_do_thermometers_measure_temperature
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_measurement#Comparison_of_temperature_scales
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_are_the_three_temperature_scales_alike
http://geography.about.com/c/ht/00/07/How_Convert_Celsius_Fahrenheit0962932697.htm
http://www.ansleydevore.blogspot.com/ (hahah... since you used mine, I can use yours... that last problem.... whewww!!!!)